New links in Readme.md, New concepts (Types)
This commit is contained in:
SocioCyber
@@ -34,4 +34,15 @@ path = "src/clone.rs" # path to the source file
|
||||
[[bin]]
|
||||
name = "StackVSHeap" # the name you’ll use with --bin
|
||||
path = "src/stack_vs_heap.rs" # path to the source file
|
||||
# cargo run --bin StackVSHeap
|
||||
# cargo run --bin StackVSHeap
|
||||
|
||||
[[bin]]
|
||||
name = "Struct" # the name you’ll use with --bin
|
||||
path = "src/struct.rs" # path to the source file
|
||||
# cargo run --bin Struct
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[[bin]]
|
||||
name = "Enum" # the name you’ll use with --bin
|
||||
path = "src/enum.rs" # path to the source file
|
||||
# cargo run --bin Enum
|
||||
365
Rust_Concepts/src/enum.rs
Normal file
365
Rust_Concepts/src/enum.rs
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
|
||||
/* Rust Concepts: https://sociocyber.site/rust_concepts_v2.html
|
||||
Concept: Enum (Lives in Stack)
|
||||
|
||||
Usage: Create a Type with named variants. Match this for control flow, That variants optionaly can carry data.
|
||||
P.S. "Variant" means just a text name, like "Red", "Green", "Yellow", "Ok", "Something", "Ball", "Earth",.
|
||||
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
|
||||
enum Name {
|
||||
Variant1,
|
||||
Variant2,
|
||||
Variant3(type) <- data types: i32, u32, String and etc,.
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
let some = Name::Variant1
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)] // - ingore all warings about unused enum fields
|
||||
enum Apple {
|
||||
Red(String),
|
||||
Yellow, // warning: variants `Red` and `Yellow` are never constructed
|
||||
Green,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
enum GnuLinux {
|
||||
Arch,
|
||||
Kali,
|
||||
Debian,
|
||||
Trisquel,
|
||||
Guix,
|
||||
Windows(Release)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)] // - ingore all warings about unused enum fields
|
||||
enum Release {
|
||||
// _Eleven, // '_' means this field not used, or add #[allow(dead_code)] derictive
|
||||
Ten,
|
||||
Seven
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
enum Partion {
|
||||
Root,
|
||||
Home,
|
||||
Hard(u8), // Hard(1), Hard(2),.
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
enum Signal {
|
||||
Red,
|
||||
Yellow,
|
||||
Green(u32), // carries seconds remaining; index = (2)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
#[allow(dead_code)]
|
||||
enum NetworkStatus {
|
||||
NotFound = 404,
|
||||
Ok = 200,
|
||||
Forbiden = 500
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
// Create enum type
|
||||
let apple1 = Apple::Green;
|
||||
println!("I eating an apple with color {:?}", apple1);
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
|
||||
STACK
|
||||
┌─────────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ apple1 │
|
||||
│ ┌───────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ Tag: Green (variant) │ │
|
||||
│ │ (discriminant = 2) │ │
|
||||
│ └───────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ Size: 1 byte (depends on │
|
||||
│ number of variants) │
|
||||
└─────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
|
||||
HEAP
|
||||
(unused - enums are stack-allocated)
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// Create enum type with heap-data
|
||||
let apple2 = Apple::Red( String::from("Fuji") ); // Fuji - saved in HEAP
|
||||
println!("I eating an apple with color {:?}", apple2);
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
|
||||
STACK
|
||||
┌──────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ apple1 │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ Tag: Red (0) │ │
|
||||
│ │ ptr: 0x1000 ───────────┐
|
||||
│ │ len: 4 │ │ │
|
||||
│ │ capacity: 4 │ │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────┘ │ │
|
||||
└──────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│
|
||||
▼
|
||||
HEAP (Memory Address 0x1000)
|
||||
┌──────────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ [F][u][j][i] │
|
||||
│ 0x1000 │
|
||||
│ (4 bytes allocated) │
|
||||
│ (capacity: 4 bytes) │
|
||||
└──────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
let signal = Signal::Green(200);
|
||||
describe(signal);
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
|
||||
STACK
|
||||
┌────────────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ signal │
|
||||
│ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ Tag: Green (2) │ │ (2) - means variant[index]
|
||||
│ │ Data: 200 (u32) │ │
|
||||
│ │ (4 bytes) │ │
|
||||
│ └──────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
└────────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
|
||||
HEAP
|
||||
(unused - no heap allocation needed)
|
||||
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
let status = NetworkStatus::Ok;
|
||||
println!("Network status: {}", status as i32); // Recommendation for typed values like i32,. Still use Struct instead of Enum.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
let my_operating_system = GnuLinux::Arch; // Arch Linux, we call new stack frame as "my_operating_system", We save a Tag (This Enum Type saved in STACK Frame as Tag: "Enum Name", with additional fields: len,. ),
|
||||
// let my_operating_system = GnuLinux::Windows(Release::Ten); // windows 10
|
||||
|
||||
// Just call functions and todo something, as use can see with enums code can be simple to read.
|
||||
// P.S. '&' in '&variable' to indicate of the variable is a reference = read a value (Enum Type in this case), without holding it.
|
||||
describe_os(&my_operating_system); // share Tag
|
||||
install_base_packagers(&my_operating_system); // share Tag
|
||||
|
||||
format_disk(Partion::Root); // Create here and Share Tag (not variable defined for enum type)
|
||||
format_disk(Partion::Home);
|
||||
format_disk(Partion::Hard(1)); // Create here and Share Tag + number in here number saved in STACK, NOT in HEAP
|
||||
format_disk(Partion::Hard(2));
|
||||
|
||||
install_base_packagers(&GnuLinux::Kali);
|
||||
install_base_packagers(&GnuLinux::Trisquel);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// Functions - not worry about "match",. we'll explore control flow in later lessons
|
||||
fn describe(s: Signal) {
|
||||
match s {
|
||||
Signal::Red => println!("Stop!"),
|
||||
Signal::Yellow => println!("Slow down"),
|
||||
Signal::Green(n) => println!("Go! {}s left", n),
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn format_disk(part: Partion) {
|
||||
println!("Formating as ext4: {:?}", part);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn install_base_packagers(os: &GnuLinux) {
|
||||
println!("Install for {:?}", &os);
|
||||
|
||||
match os {
|
||||
GnuLinux::Arch => {
|
||||
println!("pacman -Syu wayland blender krita")
|
||||
},
|
||||
GnuLinux::Kali | GnuLinux::Debian | GnuLinux::Trisquel => {
|
||||
println!("apt update -y && apt upgrade -y xorg kicad arduinoide")
|
||||
},
|
||||
_ => println!("Noting")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn describe_os(os: &GnuLinux) {
|
||||
match os {
|
||||
GnuLinux::Arch => println!("I use Arch btw!"),
|
||||
GnuLinux::Kali => println!("Yea i can hack you computer"),
|
||||
GnuLinux::Debian => println!("Super stable, good choice!"),
|
||||
GnuLinux::Trisquel => println!("GNU/Linux, easy-peasy, interface like windows, no terminals, without linux kernel BLOBS, only libre software!"),
|
||||
GnuLinux::Guix => println!("GNU/Linux! Guix! Not easy for beggener, but.. Not systemd, not blobs, custom system config, sheme language for describe what packages you want install.,"),
|
||||
_ => println!("Oh! Damn! You are use a Windows? Oh no.. crap. Now you can trash you computer OR.. re-install your OS.")
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// More examples of enums
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Protocol {
|
||||
// Tcp,
|
||||
// Udp,
|
||||
// Http,
|
||||
// Https,
|
||||
// Dns,
|
||||
// Ftp,
|
||||
// Ssh,
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// #[derive(Debug)]
|
||||
// enum Planets {
|
||||
// Earth_Water, // Eeath, but you know,. oceans so much more than earth _/(00)\_
|
||||
// Moon,
|
||||
// Other
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum DataCollector {
|
||||
// Sensors,
|
||||
// Production,
|
||||
// Resources
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum DataBase {
|
||||
// Redis,
|
||||
// SQLite,
|
||||
// PostgreSQL
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Data {
|
||||
// SensorData,
|
||||
// ProductionData,
|
||||
// ResourceData(Resource), // takes Resource enum
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Resource {
|
||||
// // Metals and Metallic Elements
|
||||
// Metal(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Precious and Semi-Precious Stones
|
||||
// PreciousStone(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Rare Earth Elements
|
||||
// RareEarthElement(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Fossil Fuels
|
||||
// FossilFuel(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Nuclear and Radioactive Materials
|
||||
// RadioactiveMaterial(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Non-metallic Minerals
|
||||
// Mineral(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Gases
|
||||
// Gas(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Liquids
|
||||
// Liquid(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Soil and Earth Materials
|
||||
// Soil(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // Organic Materials (Non-Food)
|
||||
// OrganicMaterial(String),
|
||||
|
||||
// // FOOD RESOURCES - Generic Categories
|
||||
// Grain(String),
|
||||
// Vegetable(String),
|
||||
// Fruit(String),
|
||||
// Protein(String),
|
||||
// Dairy(String),
|
||||
// Oil(String),
|
||||
// Spice(String),
|
||||
// Herb(String),
|
||||
// Legume(String),
|
||||
// NutOrSeed(String),
|
||||
// Fungus(String),
|
||||
// Algae(String),
|
||||
// Sweetener(String),
|
||||
// Beverage(String),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum ResourceHubApi {
|
||||
// Url(String),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Status {
|
||||
// Online,
|
||||
// Loading,
|
||||
// ErrorCode(u16),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum System {
|
||||
// SystemOnline, // means it's OK
|
||||
// SystemError,
|
||||
// SystemMessage(String),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum VoiceMessage {
|
||||
// Greeting,
|
||||
// Alert,
|
||||
// Notifycation,
|
||||
// Time,
|
||||
// TimeReminder,
|
||||
// TaskStart,
|
||||
// TaskEnd,
|
||||
// Instruction,
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Phone {
|
||||
// Model(String)
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// Window
|
||||
// MainView
|
||||
// SideBar
|
||||
// Topic1
|
||||
// SubMenu
|
||||
// Item1
|
||||
// Item2
|
||||
// Topic2
|
||||
// SubMenu
|
||||
// Item1
|
||||
// Item2
|
||||
|
||||
// enum Window {
|
||||
// MainView,
|
||||
// SideBar(SideBar),
|
||||
// DataBar,
|
||||
// StatusBar,
|
||||
// StatusLine
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum SideBar {
|
||||
// Topic(String, SubMenu),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum SubMenu {
|
||||
// Item(ItemData)
|
||||
// }
|
||||
|
||||
// enum ItemData {
|
||||
// Title,
|
||||
// Description,
|
||||
// PreviewUrls(Vec<String>),
|
||||
// VideoUrls(Vec<String>),
|
||||
// BooksUrls(Vec<String>),
|
||||
// }
|
||||
@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
|
||||
/* Rust Concepts: https://sociocyber.site/rust_concepts_v2.html
|
||||
Concept:
|
||||
|
||||
Usage:
|
||||
|
||||
Description:
|
||||
|
||||
Stack/Heap shemes
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
// to run examples use
|
||||
// cargo run --bin [Something]
|
||||
|
||||
224
Rust_Concepts/src/struct.rs
Normal file
224
Rust_Concepts/src/struct.rs
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
|
||||
/* Rust Concepts: https://sociocyber.site/rust_concepts_v2.html
|
||||
Concept: Struct
|
||||
Usage: Create new Data Type;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
What struct means?
|
||||
Group of data types, with one name.( Save data in one thing,. )
|
||||
|
||||
stuct Name {
|
||||
field1: Type, (i32, u32, String, &[], ...)
|
||||
field2: Type,
|
||||
field3: Type,
|
||||
field4: Type,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Use String::from() for clarity (more common in structs) [Fast]
|
||||
* Not use .to_string() for structs.
|
||||
** Use .to_string() when converting other types only: let number = "134".to_string()
|
||||
|
||||
P.S. '_' in '_variable' means = hide compiler warnings: unused variable
|
||||
|
||||
* later in lessons -> add methods for struct's data, add implimentation, constructor, impl traits, tuple structs, unit structs (no fields, used for traits)
|
||||
nested structs, with generics, builder pattern
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
#[derive(Debug)] // Don't worry about this compiler-derictive, In later lessons we'll explore what this means.
|
||||
struct Book {
|
||||
name: String,
|
||||
count: u32,
|
||||
price: u32,
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
// How create?
|
||||
let harry_poter = Book {
|
||||
// name: "Harry Poter".to_string(), // not use .to_string() in structs can be slow!
|
||||
name: String::from("Harry Poter"),
|
||||
count: 10,
|
||||
price: 200,
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
|
||||
STACK (and his frames) [CPU] HEAP [MEM]
|
||||
───────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────
|
||||
frame: main() ┌────────────────────────┐
|
||||
┌───────────────────────────────────┐ │ "Harry Poter" │
|
||||
│ harry_potter : Book │ │ 12 bytes, UTF-8 │
|
||||
│ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │ │ [H][a][r][r][y][ ]... │
|
||||
│ │ name : String │ │ owns │ [P][o][t][e][r] │
|
||||
│ │ ┌─────────────────────────┐ │ │ ────────► │ │
|
||||
│ │ │ ptr │ │ │ │ dropped when │
|
||||
│ │ │ len = 12 │ │ │ │ Book drops │
|
||||
│ │ │ cap = 12 │ │ │ └────────────────────────┘
|
||||
│ │ │ [ 3 × usize on stack ] │ │ │
|
||||
│ │ └─────────────────────────┘ │ │
|
||||
│ └─────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ │
|
||||
│ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ count : u32 = 10 │ │ (no heap — u32 fits
|
||||
│ └─────────────────────────────┘ │ directly on stack)
|
||||
│ │
|
||||
│ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ price : u32 = 200 │ │
|
||||
│ └─────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
└───────────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
|
||||
STACK — frame: main()
|
||||
───────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
address field bytes
|
||||
───────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
0x00 name.ptr 8 (pointer to heap)
|
||||
0x08 name.len 8
|
||||
0x10 name.cap 8
|
||||
0x18 count 4 (u32)
|
||||
0x1C price 4 (u32)
|
||||
───────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
total: 32 bytes
|
||||
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
let one_in_space = Book {
|
||||
name: String::from("Disteller: One in Space"),
|
||||
count: 1,
|
||||
price: 250,
|
||||
};
|
||||
// let books_in_shop: [Book; 2] = [Book{name: "Harry Poter".to_string(), count: 1, price: 200}, Book{name: "s".to_string(), count: 2, price: 300}];
|
||||
|
||||
// What if i need change a variables in struct when saved in array?
|
||||
// Make array mutable ( add "mut" )
|
||||
let mut books_in_shop: [Book; 2] = [harry_poter, one_in_space];
|
||||
|
||||
/*
|
||||
STACK (and his frames) [CPU] HEAP [MEM]
|
||||
────────────────────────────────────────── ──────────────────────────
|
||||
frame: main()
|
||||
┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ books_in_shop : [Book; 2] │
|
||||
│ │
|
||||
│ [0] harry_potter │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │ ┌────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ │ name : String │ │ │ "Harry Poter" │
|
||||
│ │ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ owns │ 12 bytes, UTF-8 │
|
||||
│ │ │ ptr │ │ │ ──────────► │ [H][a][r][r][y][ ]... │
|
||||
│ │ │ len = 12 │ │ │ │ [P][o][t][e][r] │
|
||||
│ │ │ cap = 12 │ │ │ └────────────────────────┘
|
||||
│ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │ (separate heap alloc)
|
||||
│ │ count : u32 = 10 │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ price : u32 = 200 │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ │
|
||||
│ [1] one_in_space │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │ ┌────────────────────────┐
|
||||
│ │ name : String │ │ │ "One in Space" │
|
||||
│ │ ┌──────────────────────────┐ │ │ owns │ 12 bytes, UTF-8 │
|
||||
│ │ │ ptr │ │ │ ──────────► │ [O][n][e][ ][i][n]... │
|
||||
│ │ │ len = 12 │ │ │ │ [S][p][a][c][e] │
|
||||
│ │ │ cap = 12 │ │ │ └────────────────────────┘
|
||||
│ │ └──────────────────────────┘ │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ count : u32 = 1 │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ ┌────────────────────────────────┐ │
|
||||
│ │ price : u32 = 999 │ │
|
||||
│ └────────────────────────────────┘ │
|
||||
│ │
|
||||
│ [Book; 2] = 64 bytes flat on stack │
|
||||
│ 2 separate heap allocs for String │
|
||||
└──────────────────────────────────────┘
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
STACK — frame: main()
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
address field bytes
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
rbp - 64 books_in_shop[0].name.ptr 8
|
||||
rbp - 56 books_in_shop[0].name.len 8
|
||||
rbp - 48 books_in_shop[0].name.cap 8
|
||||
rbp - 40 books_in_shop[0].count 4
|
||||
rbp - 36 books_in_shop[0].price 4
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
rbp - 32 books_in_shop[1].name.ptr 8
|
||||
rbp - 24 books_in_shop[1].name.len 8
|
||||
rbp - 16 books_in_shop[1].name.cap 8
|
||||
rbp - 8 books_in_shop[1].count 4
|
||||
rbp - 4 books_in_shop[1].price 4
|
||||
─────────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
total: 64 bytes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
what is max STACK size?
|
||||
|
||||
Depends on OS and how the thread was created.
|
||||
|
||||
OS / context default stack size
|
||||
──────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
Linux 8 MB
|
||||
Windows 1 MB
|
||||
macOS 8 MB (main thread)
|
||||
512 KB (other threads)
|
||||
──────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
Rust main thread inherits OS default
|
||||
Rust spawned thread 2 MB (Rust sets this)
|
||||
embedded / no_std you set it manually
|
||||
often 4–64 KB
|
||||
──────────────────────────────────────────────
|
||||
|
||||
If you exceed it → stack overflow → program crashes.
|
||||
|
||||
let big: [u8; 10_000_000] = [0; 10_000_000]; // 10 MB → boom
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// fix — put it on heap
|
||||
let big: Vec<u8> = vec![0; 10_000_000]; // ok, all data saved in HEAP [MEM], in STACK save only pointer to data
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can change stack size for spawned threads:
|
||||
std::thread::Builder::new()
|
||||
.stack_size(16 * 1024 * 1024) // 16 MB
|
||||
.spawn(|| { ... });
|
||||
|
||||
*/
|
||||
|
||||
// How print?
|
||||
println!("Book: {}", books_in_shop[0].name);
|
||||
println!("Count: {}", books_in_shop[0].count);
|
||||
println!("Price: {}", books_in_shop[0].price);
|
||||
println!("------------------");
|
||||
println!("Book: {}", books_in_shop[1].name);
|
||||
println!("Count: {}", books_in_shop[1].count);
|
||||
println!("Price: {}", books_in_shop[1].price);
|
||||
|
||||
println!("------------------");
|
||||
println!("UPDATE");
|
||||
|
||||
// How chage fields (variables) in struct?
|
||||
books_in_shop[0].name = String::from("Genry Proper");
|
||||
books_in_shop[0].count = 3000;
|
||||
books_in_shop[0].price = 50;
|
||||
|
||||
println!("Book: {}", books_in_shop[0].name);
|
||||
println!("Count: {}", books_in_shop[0].count);
|
||||
println!("Price: {}", books_in_shop[0].price);
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
// What if i need change a variables in struct (when struct not in array)?
|
||||
// Make struct mutable.
|
||||
// Add "mut"
|
||||
let mut mutable_book = Book {
|
||||
name: String::from("Harry You are."),
|
||||
count: 1,
|
||||
price: 250,
|
||||
};
|
||||
mutable_book.name = String::from("Genry Potato");
|
||||
println!("Mutable Book: {}", mutable_book.name);
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user